Thursday, September 3, 2020
Draft Statistics on Health Care Prescription Errors Essay
Connection between Error in Healthcare solution and the irregularity in Technological data Presentation Foundation Information à à A part of blunders are happening inside the human services field recently. They are an aftereffect of numerous elements. Among the standard reasons for blunder are identified with wrong solutions. As showed by Benjamin (770), one of the components that is assuming a key job particle this is the utilization of cutting edge mechanical strategies. PCs have been utilized to help in the electronic section of solution orders. Contingent upon the force of the remedy, they can bring about genuine wounds on the patient or even lead to casualty occurrences. Thusly, they lead to superfluous legal disputes and lawful suits that in the end cost numerous human services establishments and experts a great deal of cash that is paid to cook for the harms (Carroll 52-8). In that capacity, there is a need to contemplate the fundamental driver of wrong remedy to guarantee that such avoidable outcomes are kept at their conceivable negligible rates. The principle addresses that will be replied in th is examination include: à à What are the most widely recognized sorts of mistake in social insurance remedies? à à What sort of data innovation is utilized in the arrangement of legitimate remedy? à à Are there explicit mistakes that are identified with conflictingly given data in a similar remedy request section? Approach à à In this investigation, both essential and auxiliary information assortment strategies will be utilized. It will incorporate the utilization of reviews for the assortment of direct data. In this sense surveys and meetings from the members will likewise be utilized to accumulate data for the information. For precision and legitimate approval, these will be joined with optional sources, for example, the national wellbeing insights (Wu, Pronovost, Morlock 88). Information examination à à In this investigation, the..method of information examination will be utilized. The strategy mainlyâ⬠¦. Discoveries à à Previous research performed on this theme uncovered thatâ⬠¦..Thus, corresponding to this investigation, it was obvious thatâ⬠¦.. End à à It is significant that the set down proficient morals are clung to in various fields. This is particularly inside the clinical field where a slight error can prompt crushing results. Accordingly, medicinal services suppliers are constantly committed to utilize the information that they gained in their examinations just as new information and practices suitably. They ought to guarantee that medications are endorsed in the most legitimate manners to keep away from blunders. Specifically, modernized medication sections ought to be counterchecked to dispose of incongruities. Be that as it may, attributable to the consistent change in the idea of sickness forms and henceforth the creation of cutting edge sedate recipes, there is have to lead more research. These will give more direction to ensure safe medication remedy by suppliers of human services administrations utilizing new mechanical techniques. References Benjamin, D. M. Diminishing drug blunders and expanding quiet security: contextual investigations inclinical pharmacology. Diary of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003; 43:768ââ¬83. Carroll, P. Drug issues: the master plan. RN. 2003; 66(1):52ââ¬8. Wu, A. W., Pronovost, P., and Morlock, L. ICU episode detailing frameworks. Diary of Critical Care. 2006; 17(2):86ââ¬94 Source report
Wednesday, August 26, 2020
The 10 commandments of employee discipline and dismissal Free Essays
A year ago alone, many antagonistic decisions were tons of organizations, coming about to a great many liabilities. Today is miserable to take note of that numerous businesses, either abetted by their HR and faculty chiefs, or against the expert counsel of HR and attorneys, don't generally cling to the arrangements of the Labor Code, on the principles of managing their own specialists in the matter of control and excusal. Notwithstanding all the courses, workshops and symposia, that HR staff go to consistently, the executives never appears to learn. We will compose a custom exposition test on The 10 rules of representative order and excusal or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now The outcome could be harming, if not grievous. An antagonistic choice by the NLRC and the Supreme Court involves not just a request to restore laborers and pay them full backwages yet in addition good and commendable harms. The best harm is upon the acceptable name and corporate picture and altruism of the organizations, or an unsalvageable harm on the amicable relations among representatives and the executives, coming about to decreases in efficiency, quality and benefits. To help address this issue, this author is presently setting out on a backing through the PMAP, the official relationship of individuals directors so as to address this issue. A week ago, I was in Baguio, at that point to Iligan. Today, I am in Davao afterward this week, to Cagayan de Oro, in July in Tacloban, Bicol and Batangas. By August, I will direct courses in Cebu, Mandaue, and Mactan on the basic need to return to the standard of law in driving and overseeing individuals. I have 10 precepts on worker control and excusal. Initially, the board should regard the workersââ¬â¢ rights in the activity of the employersââ¬â¢ privileges to recruit and fire individuals, to move, advance and downgrade. The Labor Code is express and unequivocal. The DOLE, NLRC and the Supreme Courts are severe and solid. The subsequent charge is that administration ought to cling to the particular admirable motivation for end of work, under Article 282 of the Code, as genuine unfortunate behavior, resistance, misrepresentation, break of trust, gross and ongoing carelessness and violations. Third, managers ought to follow the approved causes under Article 283, similar to excess and conservation, work sparing gadgets and terminations. Fourth, the exacting standards on fair treatment, under Article 277 (b) ought to never be undermined. Fifth, the executives ought to consistently shoulder as a main priority that, in illicit excusal cases, it is the businesses and not the complainants who have the weight of evidence. 6th, the confirmation must be sufficient to qualify, under the law, and controlling principle, as falling inside the quantum of generous proof. In Cebu alone, numerous organizations neglected to consent to these essential standards. The seventh edict is that administration should ace the workmanship and study of appropriate and satisfactory documentation, from recruiting to resigning. Authoritative documents ought to be readied following the unpredictable systems and customs. The exhortation of master legal counselors ought to be looked for. A few legal advisors might be superb in criminal and common laws yet are completely confused in the act of work laws and work relations. Any error could imperil the feasibility of the business and the vocation of CEOs and COOs and some HR officials. Decree number 8 is the essential selection of legal counselors and experts and the correct treatment of work cases before the Labor Arbiters and the NLRC, the investigative and the Supreme Court. The ninth rule is realizing how to react to summons, antagonistic choices, writs of executions and other lawful procedures. Out of sheer absence of information or more regrettable, absence of regard for law and principal workersââ¬â¢ rights, numerous fantastic slip-ups had been submitted. The tenth is for the executives to proactively prepare their officials, supervisors and HR staff how to stay away from and forestall bodies of evidence to be recorded against the organization. A little interest in these forward-looking, formative and enabling courses can go far in sparing the business from the unfriendly impacts of ominous court decisions. The most effective method to refer to The 10 charges of representative control and excusal, Papers
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Skilled Workers The Job Markets Of America ââ¬Myassignmenthelp.Com
Question: Examine About The Skilled Workers The Job Markets Of America? Answer: Introducation The interest flexibly chart of depicts the situation of interest for quality advanced education at a specific cost and the gracefully of value instruction at that cost. According to the above chart, the descending inclining request bend portrays that the speculation or interest for quality training diminishes as the cost for quality advanced education increments. The emphatically inclining gracefully bend portrays that with higher installment of cost or venture the flexibly of advanced education increments. Along these lines the interest gracefully bend portrays the situation that the cost or cost of procuring an advanced education degree with great quality is ascending after some time. At the harmony cost P* the interest for advanced education is Q*.If the expense or cost ascends to P1, at that point the interest for advanced education is required to diminishes to Q3 yet at this cost the gracefully of advanced education is S3.Thus in the event that the expense or cost of advanced education builds, at that point there will be an overabundance flexibly hole of advanced education by the measure of Q3S3.Similarly on the off chance that the expense of procuring advanced education diminishes, at that point there will be an abundance request hole for advanced education by the measure of Q2-S4 At the point when firms are ravenous for talented specialists, their interest for college graduates develops At the point when the organizations are demonstrating a more appeal for gifted laborers who should be the college graduates, the interest for college instruction increments as showed by the outward move of the interest bend from D1 to D2 in Figure-2.With the new interest bend D2 when the cost or cost of acquiring of a college degree increments and ranges to P1 then the interest for the training will be Q3.Thus increment in the interest for college graduates will upgrade the interest for advanced education regardless of whether the expense of winning the training increments and the new abundance gracefully hole of advanced education at value P1 will be Q3S3 which is not exactly the past flexibly hole of Q3S3 at a similar value P1. School wage premium The term College wage premium alludes to the hole between the normal compensations offered to the college graduates and that of optional school degree holders. The European work showcase has gotten soaked enough with talented work or the college graduates because of the fast difference in that advertise. Because of the market immersion just as the necessity of keeping up a liberal the lowest pay permitted by law for all, the school premium is generally level in Europe. A conversation over the convenience of the college degree The college degree is regularly considered as a wise speculation as in America and in the euro zone the college graduates figure out how to win great compensation bundles (Economist.com, 2017). In this way it very well may be seen that in spite of the fact that arrival from interest in advanced education is minimal unsure, yet at the same time there is a decent extent of gaining great installment because of presence of sound interest for talented laborers in the activity markets of America Euro zone. Reference: Economist.com. (2017).Wealth by degrees. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/news/fund and-financial aspects/21605909-returns-contributing college degree shift colossally riches [Accessed 23 Sep. 2017].
Causes of Poverty in the United States Essay -- Poor Economy Education
Reasons for Poverty in the United States The United States characterizes destitution for a group of four as being under $16,036 every year, or $4,009 per individual (Leone 12). Individuals wind up under this line for an incalculable measure of reasons. A portion of these causes are heavily influenced by one and others are more prominent factors past a person's capacity. Every family or distinctive individual has interesting and separate explanations behind living in a state destitution. It is extremely unlikely to attempt to characterize them all. Centering in, three principle subjects emerge that include the most dominating purposes behind an individual to fall into destitution. Training, family life and impact, alongside the business cycle may work independently or together to cause destitution. These three driving causes are given and examined along realities pervasive to the issue in the area beneath. Instruction and Poverty Instruction, or insufficient training or absence of training, causes destitution. From the early long periods of preschool, into the long stretches of K-12, without an advanced degree and on into the work power individuals in destitution may suffer constantly from it in the event that they don't get instructed. The United States by and large glances at training as a way to progress however the individuals with the longest street towards progress are not getting enough instruction. In the prior years kindergarten, youngsters structure their essential reasoning abilities and kids who don't become familiar with these at home fall behind every other person. By and large youngsters in destitution don't accomplish these abilities to the degree of white collar class kids from their condition at home. At the point when poor youngsters enter school they are commonly 18 months behind the language capacities of their white collar class peers. As of now offspring of destitution are behind in their ... ...ge and Family May 2002. Seccombe, Karen. Famlies in Poverty in the 1990's: Trends, Causes, Consequences, and Lessons Learned. Journal of Marriage and Family Nov. 2000. Starr, Alexander. The Importance of Teaching Tots; Given the solid proof of its advantages to society, preschool instruction for poor people - and maybe all youngsters is an unquestionable requirement. Business Week 26 Aug. 2002. Joblessness Rate of Persons 16 Years Old and Over, by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Highest Degree Attained, 1996, 1997, and 1998 Digest of Education Statistics1999. National Center for Education Statistics March 2000. U.S. Registration Bureau. Factual Abstract of the United States. 2001 Weir, Margaret. Race and Urban Poverty. Brookings Review Summer 1993. Yapa, Lakshman. What causes Poverty? A post-current view. Annals of the Association of American Geographers Dec. 1996. Reasons for Poverty in the United States Essay - Poor Economy Education Reasons for Poverty in the United States The United States characterizes neediness for a group of four as being under $16,036 every year, or $4,009 per individual (Leone 12). Individuals end up under this line for an endless measure of reasons. A portion of these causes are heavily influenced by one and others are more prominent factors past a person's capacity. Every family or distinct individual has one of a kind and separate explanations behind living in a state destitution. It is highly unlikely to attempt to characterize them all. Centering in, three principle points emerge that incorporate the most transcendent explanations behind an individual to fall into destitution. Training, family life and impact, alongside the business cycle may work exclusively or together to cause destitution. These three driving causes are given and examined along realities common to the issue in the area beneath. Training and Poverty Training, or deficient instruction or absence of instruction, causes neediness. From the early long periods of preschool, into the long periods of K-12, without an advanced degree and on into the work power individuals in destitution may suffer constantly from it on the off chance that they don't get instructed. The United States by and large ganders at training as a way to progress yet the individuals with the longest street towards progress are not getting enough instruction. In the prior years kindergarten, kids structure their essential reasoning aptitudes and youngsters who don't gain proficiency with these at home fall behind every other person. By and large youngsters in neediness don't accomplish these aptitudes to the degree of working class kids from their condition at home. At the point when poor youngsters enter school they are commonly eighteen months behind the language capacities of their white collar class peers. As of now offspring of neediness are behind in their ... ...ge and Family May 2002. Seccombe, Karen. Famlies in Poverty in the 1990's: Trends, Causes, Consequences, and Lessons Learned. Journal of Marriage and Family Nov. 2000. Starr, Alexander. The Importance of Teaching Tots; Given the solid proof of its advantages to society, preschool training for poor people - and maybe all youngsters is an absolute necessity. Business Week 26 Aug. 2002. Joblessness Rate of Persons 16 Years Old and Over, by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Highest Degree Attained, 1996, 1997, and 1998 Digest of Education Statistics1999. National Center for Education Statistics March 2000. U.S. Registration Bureau. Measurable Abstract of the United States. 2001 Weir, Margaret. Race and Urban Poverty. Brookings Review Summer 1993. Yapa, Lakshman. What causes Poverty? A post-present day see. Annals of the Association of American Geographers Dec. 1996.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Aging with Spirituality: A Review of the Literatu Essay
Maturing with Spirituality: A Review of the Literature Sherry A. Tattersall South University Tampa Dynamic The aim of this subject is to spread familiarity with the effect that religion and otherworldliness play in the maturing procedure, explicitly those beyond eighty five years old. It is turning out to be increasingly more satisfactory to fuse a personââ¬â¢s confidence in their consideration, both at home and in a clinical setting. The effect of otherworldliness as well as religion as far as how much better an individual will age truly, intellectually and sincerely is overwhelmingly positive. This shrewdness and love of God that isn't just increased through long periods of encounters, great and terrible, yet in addition through a profound established confidence, is frequently disregarded and even unfortunately overlooked. The older have such a great amount to offer anybody that will set aside the effort to tune in, as they have a valuable capacity to grasp the finish of life and an adoration for the Creator that goes outside the ability to comprehend of most youngsters. It is as of late that otherworldliness and the neurobiological impacts that it has on the maturing corresponding to mental and physical wellbeing, just as perspectives about death and kicking the bucket, have been paid attention to enough to study and execute into care. Confidence in God is by all accounts the way to doing what our moms consistently advised us to doâ⬠¦age smoothly. Nowadays, it is worthy to consider age 85+ years old as older, and after achieving the age of 100 years, we win the lofty title of Centenarian. Because of the child birth blast Post WWII, subsequently the ââ¬ËBaby Boomersââ¬â¢, conceived between the years 1946 and 1964 (U.S. Registration Bureau), alongside more advantageous way of life, dietary patterns and advances in science and medication, more individuals are living longer. Research has demonstrated that the impacts of strict confidence and individual otherworldliness in the older are amazingly valuable in understanding the importance behind death and disease, just as adapting and recuperating. It bodes well that as we age, we additionally build up our profound limits, floating away from the hustle and bustleâ of work and bringing up youngsters, making it simpler to investigate otherworldliness and take part in strict activities.After all, there is inside every last one of us, a powerful urge to associate with the Holy. At chley (2008) characterizes otherworldliness as, ââ¬Ëan inward, abstract district of life that rotates around singular encounters of being, rising above the individual self, and interfacing with the sacred.ââ¬â¢ With the misfortune, inability, disease, and general physical breakdown of the body in the maturing procedure, it turns out to be progressively significant for us to comprehend our otherworldliness, at last associating with our Creator as this is genuinely where all harmony and comprehension begin. Otherworldliness is a method of seeming well and good out of what's going on in the maturing procedure and gives the old a feeling of harmony while pondering significant issues. In any event, adapting to dementia appears to turn into a progressively serene encounter for the more seasoned overseer. The Duke Longitudinal Study of Aging found that, albeit strict fulfillment and perspectives don't change much with maturing, the sentiments of being valuable and cheerful, just as close to home alteration, will in general increment. Tornstam (1997) instituted the term, ââ¬Ëgerotranscendenceââ¬â¢, alluding to how the more established, develop grown-up encounters origination of time, a consciousness of death and mortality, which may bring about an expanded want to investigate singular otherworldliness. Tornstam reports the accompanying remarks made by a 86-year elderly person according to this way of thinking: ââ¬Å"You return to youth practically every day. It comes without reflection. I conversed with an old buddy about this. We both return to the town where we experienced childhood (in our musings). Youth implies considerably more than one might suspect; I return to it all the time.â⬠Ironically, the more established adultââ¬â¢s adolescence may appear to be closer at age eighty-five than at age forty-five. All through life, we store away beneficial encounters through language and discernment as memory in the mind. A portion of these encounters could be ââ¬Ëspiritualââ¬â¢ relying upon the individualââ¬â¢s genuine ability to be charmed in wonder. For instance, seeing Niagara Falls or the Grand Canyon could be a profound encounter if the individual has built up the ability to see the outright excellence of nature. The miracle or charm isn't inalienable in the falls or the gorge, however in every one of us as people. All through life, otherworldliness is grown precipitously, subliminally, and even deliberately as we get into our later years and truly start to acceptâ our mortality. We do this by sustaining our profound being with perusing otherworldly material, going to chapel, tuning in to and watching profound projects, investing more energy in supplication, and wanting to associate with otherworldly or strict individuals. The older by and large build up a ââ¬Å"let beâ⬠disposition about lifeââ¬â¢s excursion, and realize that growing profoundly can't be constrained. It is agreeable and instructive to tune in to the intelligence communicated by the old when they talk or expound on their otherworldly excursion. They instruct us that intelligence and otherworldliness is a living procedure. Maturing effectively through otherworldliness truly started enthusiasm for the 1990ââ¬â¢s by the McArthur Research Network. Their examinations indicated that strict cooperation in the old is similarly as helpful as diet, work out, mental incitement and being associated socially. A superior personal satisfaction in profoundly associated old can likewise be connected to the diminished utilization of tobacco items, maltreatment of medications and liquor, longer relationships and obviously their steady systems that all achieve a feeling of harmony and quietness. There are some enormous scope network considers that evaluate religion and otherworldliness as it concurs with the wellbeing and prosperity of older people. The Established Populations for Epidemiological Studies of the Elderly (Lavretsky, 2010) did an examination on roughly 20,000 U. S. grown-ups, uncovering that inclusion in religion can drag out a real existence by seven years all things considered. In another examination, Comstockââ¬â¢s and Partridgeââ¬â¢s investigation of 91,000 individuals in Maryland that went to chapel demonstrated a diminishing in the commonness of cirrhosis, coronary illness, and suicide.A incredible number of studies uncover an immediate relationship in duty to oneââ¬â¢s otherworldly self with lower paces of hypertension, malignancy torment and stroke. Studies likewise demonstrate that religion or otherworldliness is additionally connected with diminished uneasiness, stress, solid connections and better generally mental, physical and enthusiastic wellbeing. These kinds of studies have demonstrated comparative outcomes in all pieces of the world and in all races, societies and religions. The advantages of otherworldliness for the maturing grown-up might be a genuinely new idea in that it has extremely just been concentrated in the previous twenty to thirty years, nonetheless, it is being paid attention to in geriatric consideration by specialists all over the place. In numerous facilities, religion and otherworldliness are presently paid attention to as a piece of an individualââ¬â¢s history when it comes toâ assisting old or truly sick patients so as to enable them to adapt, and even mend. Obviously, the subject of religion might be a sensitive one for a few; thusly professionals realize that they should move toward this territory warily. One approach to do this is by asking open-finished inquiries, for example, ââ¬Ëis confidence (religion, otherworldliness) critical to you in this illnessââ¬â¢; ââ¬Ëhas confidence been esse ntial to you at different occasions in your lifeââ¬â¢; ââ¬Ëdo you have somebody to converse with about strict mattersââ¬â¢; and ââ¬Ëwould you like to talk about strict issues with someone?ââ¬â¢ The feeling of prosperity through otherworldliness and religion similarly goes through White, Mexican, and African-Americans as studies have illustrated, on the grounds that inalienably, individuals of confidence, regardless of what the race or culture, disguise harmony and serenity about maturing and disease, prompting better confidence, perspectives and lower paces of sorrow and uneasiness. ââ¬Å"Evidence recommends that reflection, petition, and different strict and otherworldly practices may effectsly affect the maturing cerebrum â⬠constructive outcomes that may help improve memory and comprehension, temperament, and by and large mental healthâ⬠(Newberg, 2011). Gerascophobia, the dread of maturing, is regular in individuals that make some troublesome memories encountering birthday events, and that do all that they can to ââ¬Ëstop the clockââ¬â¢. We see as individuals age that they experience withdrawal and misfortune more than ever, for example, losing proficient characters, salaries, and seeing companions as well as family bite the dust or move away. This is a ââ¬Ëtime for working out a way of thinking, and afterward working that way of thinking in to a lifestyle; a period for rising above the faculties to discover, and stay with, the truth that underlies this common worldââ¬â¢ (Smith, 1991). As Pope Benedict said to the inhabitants of a nursing home in Rome, Italy in 2012, ââ¬Å"It is lovely to be elderly!â⬠¦We should never leave ourselves alone detained by pity! We got the endowment of long life. All over there must consistently be simply the delight of feeling adored by God, never sadness.ââ¬
Monday, August 17, 2020
New Business in an Ancient Land COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog
New Business in an Ancient Land COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Alice Bosley (left) and Patricia Letayf in Kurdistan. / Photograph Courtesy of Patricia Letayf. The young entrepreneur stood in front of the panel of judges, fiddled nervously with a PowerPoint presentation, and prepared to pitch his idea: a virtual-reality game that would help refugees learn their new local language. The scene, which took place in a gleaming, glass-walled new co-working space, could have been lifted from any venture competition in Silicon Valley. But there was a twist: the entrepreneur was himself a refugee. And he was pitching not in California, but in Erbil, Iraq, at a summer boot camp organized by Five One Labs, the first startup incubator for conflict-affected populations in the Middle East. âThere are over a million Iraqi IDPs (internally displaced persons) in Kurdistan, and 250,000 Syrian refugees. So thereâs definitely need,â says cofounder and executive director Alice Bosley â17 SIPA. âEntrepreneurship training helps address some of the most pressing problems in the community, particularly employment and education.â In addition to weekend boot camps in the spring and summer, the organizationâs main program is a three-month-long incubator offered in the fall. Participants receive free office space, training in areas like financial planning and marketing, mentorship from experienced entrepreneurs in the Middle East and the US, and a chance to compete for $15,000 in seed money. Some businesses in the incubatorâs inaugural cohort, like the one making the virtual-reality language game, focus specifically on needs that people see in the refugee community. Others, like an online pharmacy service, are already common in Western nations but new to Iraq. And still others are, as Bosley puts it, universal needs. âWe have three young men who want to build a french-fry business,â she says. âAnd it makes sense. Iraq actually has an abundance of potatoes.â Bosley came up with the idea for Five One Labs with classmate Patricia Letayf â17 SIPA. Both women have backgrounds in the Middle East â" Bosley grew up mostly in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and Letayf was raised in America but has family in Syria and Lebanon. Before coming to Columbia, Letayf was a political analyst specializing in the region and Bosley worked in the innovation office of the American University of Iraq, advising students who were hoping to start their own businesses. Bosley and Letayf were both interested in working with refugee populations and saw entrepreneurship as a way to create long-term solutions for building productive communities. There are a lot of refugee-support organizations dedicated to short-term care â" basically, how to keep people alive,â Bosley says. âVery few are focused on what comes next.â Bosley and Letayf started working intensively on the program in 2016 as a part of the SIPA Deanâs Public Policy Challenge, an annual competition for business ideas that use technology to help solve global problems. Bosley also worked part-time at the Columbia Entrepreneurship Design Studio, which she credits with helping her to develop the prototype for the program. âThe competition really pushed us to get our plan done and provided us with milestones that we needed to reach along the way,â Letayf says. âAs we advanced through each round, we earned more funding.â This past March, when many of their classmates were headed off on spring break, Bosley and Letayf traveled to Erbil to run a pilot version of the program. After graduating in May, they started working on it full-time. Bosley and Letayf initially picked Erbil as the first incubator site largely for logistical reasons: they both had connections in the region, and the city is one of the few places with a significant refugee community where refugees have the legal right not only to work but also to own businesses. Theyâve also found it to be an inspiring, hopeful place. Like Mosul, which sits only fifty-five miles away, Erbil is an ancient city. But while Mosul has been reduced to rubble by a devastating nine-month-long battle between Iraqi forces and ISIS, Erbil is blossoming. The ancient Assyrian fortress there stands intact, presiding over a busy marketplace, new suburban subdivisions, and modern office buildings. âThe startup community is new in Iraq, but Erbil is lively, with an engaged community,â says Letayf. âWeâre excited to be there, working with these remarkable people, and we canât wait to show off some of their stories.â â" Rebecca Shapiro
Sunday, June 21, 2020
Nature vs Nurture Essay - 550 Words
Nature vs Nurture (Essay Sample) Content: Nature Versus Nurture: What Affects a Person More, Their Genes or Their Surroundings and the Way They are Raised?Solomon ChegeNature versus nurture: What Affects a Person More, Their Genes or Their Surroundings and the Way They are Raised?The nature-nurture debate has gone on for a long time. However, one thing has come out clear à ¢Ã¢â ¬that the determining factor in life is the surroundings and the way one is raised. In determining the effects of nature and nurture in a person, it is important to define the scope in which one is investigating these effects. There are two distinct levels of discussion that can be entertained à ¢Ã¢â ¬the physical appearance of a person and the behavior of a person. The physical appearance of a person can largely be attributed to genes while the behavior of a person can largely be attributed to surroundings and the way one is raised. This paper will show that the way a person is raised affects him or her more than the genes inhe rited from parents.Peopleà ¢Ã¢â ¬s programming is the same at the time of birth. According to Rutter (2010), all human babies in the world show similar skills in phonological discrimination. In the early years of development, all babies tend to produce similar sounds as they try to learn the language of their parents. However, as the babies grow older and understand the language taught by the parents, they start acquiring accents and having difficulties in pronunciation of words from other languages. Language, which affects a person in life, can be said to be as a result of nurture rather than nature.Nativists point out that physical appearances such as skin color, straight or curly hair, color of the eyes, and height are attributed to certain genes in a person (Simply Psychology, 2014). While such arguments are true, it is important to investigate further how such features affect a person. Success or failure in life is not hinged on a personà ¢Ã¢â ¬s skin color, hair, or heig ht. Success, which can be termed as one of the aspects that can be measured in determining how nature or nurture affects a person, cannot be hinged on such physical appearance but rather on hard-work, persistence, and commitment.Genes have been attributed to the existence of some diseases such as breast cancer in a person (Rutter, 2010). While such a disease can fatally affect a person, it is also known that technology and advanced medication can lead to cure of the same. It is, therefore, possible to counteract the effects of genes (or nature) by the surroundings, which include availability of ...
Sunday, May 24, 2020
America Afire, Jefferson, Adams And The First Contested...
Introduction America Afire, Jefferson, Adams and the First Contested Election were written by Bernard A. Weisberger. In 2000 Bernard wrote this book telling history on how since our Independence Day the US have been fighting and debating on power acts and freedom. Political party domination, power, betrayal and greed along with crucial disagreements are what he discusses. With all the different personalities, motives, and political opinions the birth of a new nation was not going to be smooth sailing. Former allies Adams and Jefferson, president versus vice president, Federalist versus Republican, squared off in a vicious contest that resulted in broken friendships, scandals, riots, and slander in the fourth presidential election underâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Researched and eminently readable, America Afire tells the tale of a watershed event in American history and lends a valuable new perspective on the early years of the United States, as well as the genesis and nature of our political s ystem.The way he put these factorial stories together are well organized. He uses chapters, paragraph headings and subheadings. Throughout the book Weisberger does not use ââ¬Å"I thinkâ⬠or ââ¬Å"my opinionâ⬠. It is simply the things that he found to be the actual events. Sources He thought of his sources to be the appropriate. His sources are reliable, but he relies too much on University Presses. He also uses Historical statistics that you wouldnââ¬â¢t know if the stories are really accurate. It was interesting how used Psalms: 24 and made the Bible as a source. The way he synthesizes cites and transitions them smoothly is outstanding. Bernard uses a lot of different first and secondary sources. He used some heartwarming touches like when Washington was elected president, he left Mount Vernon bidding his farewell From an aching heart to his affectionate friends and kind neighbors Secondary Sources During the First two elections political interactions at that time did not seem so dramatic. George Washington didn t want to handle the stress as he gave Good Luck to the others. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams created the first contested election. 1800 was the introduction of political down play and low blows for
Monday, May 18, 2020
Get the Best Book Review Example Ever from ThePensters!
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Wednesday, May 13, 2020
Abortion Is Murder Essay - 1177 Words
An innocent child is killed because the mother is not prepared for a baby at that time in her life. Is it right for her to terminate her pregnancy because she doesnt want to raise a child? Abortion should be banned because too many babies are being killed from abortion, babyââ¬â¢s have been reported to survive abortions, and if you dont want a child or you donââ¬â¢t feel you could raise it you could always put it up for adoption. Some people believe that when an abortion is performed that the baby is not developed, or as some say, ââ¬Å"a bunch of cellsâ⬠, but the truth is that before a women even knows she is pregnant, about four days missed cycle, that a baby already has a beating heart at 18 days. Also at 18 days their brain starts developing.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In the case of Sarah Smith her mother had gone to have an abortion, and not knowing that she was pregnant with twins thought the abortions was successful. Only to find out later that her twin brother was aborted but she was lucky enough to survive. The abortionist missed her, and she went on to survive and she was born with bilateral, congenital dislocated hips and many other physical handicaps which to this day have been maintained and taken car of. She now speaks of her ordeal and is completely pro-life. On April 24, 1996, Sarah spoke at the international Congress for Life in Rome where she went on to tell her story to others, an d spreading the awareness of the affects of abortion. Another story of survival is that of Heidi Huffman who was born to her mother via C-section months after her mother had tried to have an abortion. The abortionist took most of the amniotic fluid as well as the placenta but miraculously missed Heidi. Heidi has since started to go to rallyââ¬â¢s, and telling others about her survival story. She also is quoted in saying, ââ¬Å"I believe that all young people are survivors of abortion, just like I am, because they too could have been killed under the current policy of our government, which declared us non-persons when we were in the womb.â⬠(Youth for Life Website, Survivors of Abortion Attempts) AndShow MoreRelatedAbortion Is Murder1062 Words à |à 4 Pages ABORTION IS MURDER ââ¬Å"There are nearly 1.2 million abortions performed in the United States each yearâ⬠(Operation Rescue, 2014). That was 1.2 million innocent lives that were ended before they even had a chance to begin. Abortion has been legal for decades now, and it is time to put a stop to all the murdering of unborn children. This senseless killing of an unborn child needs to be recognized for what it truly is, and that is legalized murder. Abortions should be made illegal in the United StatesRead MoreAbortion: Is It Murder?1524 Words à |à 7 PagesAbortion is an extremely controversial issue and one that many people can have very strong feelings for on both sides of the debate. Those who support abortion rights argue that it is a womanââ¬â¢s choice what to do with her body. Although, the unborn baby inside a woman is still a person living, and terminating that pregnancy is the same thing as murder. No one should have the choice to commit murder. Abortion is honestly wrong because t he laws prohibiting abortion help to keep people from playing GodRead MoreIs Abortion A Murder?3072 Words à |à 13 Pages Abortion is Murder Numerous times throughout the past, a woman has wept herself to sleep or woke up in the middle of the night with horrible panic attacks that she cannot seem to overcome. She lives with such guilt and wonders what life would be like today if only she had made a different choice. Life is full of choices, and unfortunately people sometimes make choices that will haunt them for the rest of their lives. The saddest part is that many times we allow other people to influence the choicesRead More Abortion is Not Murder Essay1202 Words à |à 5 PagesAbortion is Not Murder Is abortion murder?à Murder is defined as illegal killing with malice aforethought. Abortion fails this definition for two reasons. First, abortion is not illegal, and second, there is no evidence to suggest that expecting mothers feel malice towards their own flesh and blood. Not all killing is murder, of course. Murder is actually a small subset of all killing, which includes accidental homicide, killing in self-defense, suicide, euthanasia, etc. When pro-lifeRead MoreAbortion is a Murder Essay721 Words à |à 3 Pageson-going subject that has been greatly debated in our society is abortion. Many people argue that because the baby in the motherââ¬â¢s womb is not alive, aborting him or her is not considered a murder. However, others say that as the babyââ¬â¢s heart and brain are the first things to develop, the baby is technically alive and killing it would be a murder. As soon as the baby has a heartbeat, it has life. Abortion has many characteristics of a murder, including the killing of one human being by another, itââ¬â¢s unethicalRead MoreAbortion Is Murder Essay1300 Words à |à 6 Pages The topic of abortion is an extremely controversial issue in todays society, there are many separate views on the morality of it . Abortion is defined as the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy (ââ¬Å"Abortionâ⬠). In other words, it is the murder of an unborn child. Throughout the past there has been several court cases related to abortion, in attempt to resolve the debate. For example, Roe v. Wade declared that unborn children are neither ââ¬Ëpersonsââ¬â¢ nor are they entitledRead MoreAbortion: Murder or Necessity766 Words à |à 4 PagesAbortion: Murder or Necessity Abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo before it is viable. An abortion can occur spontaneously, in which case it is usually called a miscarriage, or it can be purposely induced. Abortion, when induced in accordance with the local law, is among the safest procedures in medicine. However, unsafe abortions (those performed by persons without proper training or outside of a medical environment)Read MoreAbortion Is Not The Murder Of An Infant1507 Words à |à 7 Pagesdifferent perspective on abortion. The first written works of Christianity states ââ¬Å"You shall not kill the embryo by abortion and shall not cause the newborn to perish.â⬠In the early Christianity, abortion was prohibited. The early church leader who had agreed on abortion stated: ââ¬Å"that if an abortion was performed to hide the consequences of fornication and adultery, then it was a sin that required penance.â⬠This lit the sp arks between Christians on whether abortion was considered a murder or not. ââ¬Å"St.AugustineRead MoreShould Abortion Be Murder?868 Words à |à 4 PagesAbortion is Murder Have you ever lost a loved one or someone that meant a lot to you? If so, how did that make you feel? Iââ¬â¢m sure you felt heartbroken or lost and you didnââ¬â¢t know what you were going to do. Imagine how you would feel if you were trying to bring a loved one into this world but you couldnââ¬â¢t. It wasnââ¬â¢t because you didnââ¬â¢t want to, itââ¬â¢s was because you were physically not able to. There are many women who want to have kids and make their family grow but because of their health issues theyRead MoreAbortion Is An Act Of Murder? Essay1271 Words à |à 6 Pagesmotherââ¬â¢s womb when the mothers decide to have an abortion. There is much controversy regarding abortion as a whole. Abortion is a procedure that terminates any pregnancy (Dictionary.com). When discussing abortion, some would say the beginning of life started once an infant took his or her first breath during delivery and others would say life began the second they were formed in its motherà ¢â¬â¢s womb. Based on either viewpoint, is abortion considered an act of murder? A pro-abortionist considers life to begin
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Thomas Hobbes And Plato s The Leviathan And The Republic
For almost every word, all philosophers have their own notion towards itââ¬â¢s meaning. This is especially true for the term ââ¬Å"justiceâ⬠. The philosophers Hobbes and Plato both exhibit their own beliefs towards its interpretation through their respective stories, the Leviathan and the Republic. Instead of simply stating his view, Plato takes it to another level. He brings up a multitude of possibilities for the meaning of justice, arguing with himself and shooting down his own theories. The purpose of his Republic is to find the best and most logical definition of justice through discussion. Hobbes discusses various topics in his piece on top of justice; he addresses sense, imagination, dreams, speech, names, understanding and reason. Using these other subjects, he cultivates his own definition of justice. Similar to Plato, Hobbes creates counter arguments to many of the ideas that he presents and supports. Hobbes views justice mostly as a societal norm, while Plato has his own set of perspectives. Among their views on justice there are a surprising amount of similarities, yet still many differences. In the Republic, Plato puts forward multiple theories on justice. The main character in his story is Socrates, a philosopher. Socrates sets out with the premise to answer two questions: What is justice? And why should we be just? He follows by expressing many different views through various characters in his story. Many of the propositions of justice that Plato puts forward end upShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s The Book Leviathan 1957 Words à |à 8 PagesThomas Hobbes was a 17th century philosopher, who argued that human beings are fundamentally equal by nature, and we infer that humans live under the rule of absolute sovereign. ââ¬Å"From that law of nature by which we are obliged to transfer to another such rights as, being retained, hinder the peace of mankind, there followeth a third, which is this that men perform their covenants madeâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (Hobbes 89). Hobbes tries to hold back peace, in order to make it seem like everyone is equal. This can createRead MoreEssay on What is the Function of a Social Contract?1637 Words à |à 7 Pagesconcerned with the theories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s). The basic concept of a social contract is for members of societyRead MoreThe Function of a Social Contract1676 Words à |à 7 Pagesconcerned with the theories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s). The basic concept of a social contract is for members of societyRead More The Concept of Tyranny in Literature Essay1329 Words à |à 6 Pagesend, Locke has the most effective ideas as opposed to Plato and Hobbes. Although, they are all equally great minds, based on the democracy that Americans hold true, Lockeââ¬â¢s analysis can be the only logical means of proposed prevention. The first author, who takes particular concern with the concept of tyranny, is Plato in his work the The Republic. He perceives tyranny as a ââ¬Å"dictatorship and the dictatorial manâ⬠(Porter 84) that ââ¬Å"evolve[s] from democracyâ⬠(Porter 84). Circumstances that appearRead MoreThe Political Of Political Science Essay2347 Words à |à 10 Pagessciences.So,political philosophy is the study of topics such as politics,liberty,justice,rights,property,law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority.(Agarwal,2013) In short political philosophy is the activity with all the philosophers such as Plato,Aristotle,Machiavelli,KarlMarx,JohnHobbes,Locke,Rousseau whereby the conceptual apparatus behind such concepts as afore mentioned are analysed in their history,intent and evaluation.Political philosophy has been practiced for as long as human beingsRead MoreWhat Have Theorists Meant by Liberty? Essay example1589 Words à |à 7 Pagesfrom restriction or control, it embodies the right to act, believe or express oneself in the manner of ones own choosing. In this essay I am going to look at the theorists such as Locke, Mill, Hobbes, Machiavelli, Rousseau and Milton to identify what they meant by liberty. The ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle thought liberty was an ideal that could not fully exist in its pure form in the human world. Liberty has a different meaning in the modern world than it did in the ancient. BenjaminRead MoreDifferent Way Of Understanding State2602 Words à |à 11 Pagesand are funded at the public expense. THE FIVE FEATURES OF THE STATE ARE : 1. The State is sovereign : It exercises the absolute and unrestricted power in that it stands above all the associations and groups in the society. Thomas Hobbes portrayed the state as being Leviathan, a gigantic monster. 2. The state institutions are ââ¬ËPublicââ¬â¢ : All the institutions under state is public in nature and serves the society as whole and are responsible for making collective decisions. 3. The state is an instrument
Leonardo da Vinci in our life Free Essays
Leonardo dad Vineââ¬â¢s contribution to the era of Renaissance The Renaissance era created an immense amount of talented scientists, artists, inventors, and philosophers who contributed great deal to the development of human race. In history it is hard to find a similar genius individual as the creator of High Renaissance art ââ¬â Leonardo dad Vinci. Even aftereffects of research on his creations, we are still captivated by the brilliance of his works. We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo da Vinci in our life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leonardo dad Vinci was an artist, a sculptor, an architect, a philosopher, a historian, a mathematician, a physicist, a mechanic, and an astronomer. Consider Leonardo a genius of the High Renaissance. He was undeniably way ahead of his time, and is undoubtedly one of desegregates geniuses that ever lived. He played an enormous role in the development of art and science of the High Renaissance in Italy. His creations ââ¬Å"Last Supperâ⬠(495-97) and ââ¬Å"Mona Lisaâ⬠(1503-06) are among the most widely popular art works of the Renaissance. The ââ¬Å"Mona Lisaâ⬠painting is a good example of his work which contributed to the development of art in the Renaissance. The Mona Lisa is a portrait of a wife of a Florentine noble. She refused to smile; Leonardo even tried ring musicians but that didnââ¬â¢t change her mind. At last, Just for a second she smiled faintly and Leonardo was able to capture it. In his drawing Leonardo masters the techniques of Suffuse and Chiaroscuro. Suffuse involves the most gradual transition from one color to another, giving it a very delicate and expressive image. As mentioned in the studies, Chiaroscuro highlights the contrast of light and shadow. In the Mona Lisa, this is most evident in the contrast between the face and the dark background. I consider the ââ¬Å"Mona Lisaâ⬠his most beautiful creation. Leonardo dad Vinci highly influenced the development of science of the High Renaissance in Italy. He is considered one of the prominent contributors to the scientific discoveries of the era. Dad Vinci extended his studies into science and other subjects. For example, he drew complex models of flying machines, as he was fascinated by flight. He also attempted to build flying objects himself and designed an immense amount of mechanical devices. Based on his studies of birds, he drew a human powered ornithology, which is a wing flapping machinate would fly, mimicking the movement of a bird in flight. As a result, some of the machines that he drew on paper such as helicopters would become reality many centuries later. He also had knowledge in the studies of anatomy and was one of the first to understand the circulation of blood in the human body. There seemed to be no limit to his interests and work. Leonardo dad Vinci is one the most prominent individualists lived in the Renaissance era and contributed a vast amount of scientific discoveries and beautiful works of art which are genius and timeless. Leonardo looked far ahead of his time and influenced our generation and development of the modern world today. Leonardo dad Vinci in our life By Andrews How to cite Leonardo da Vinci in our life, Papers
Antennas & Wireless Propagation-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com
Questions: 1.Different antenna, such as yagi, horn, and celluar antennas, etc. has different merits. Research these technologies in details and pay specific attention to how they are used as well their strengths and weakness. Provide an opinion regarding which antenna types will become the dominant players in the future of medium- and long-distance wireless links 2.Compare and contrast the multiplexing techniques CDMA and FDMA in the area of wireless networking? 3.A local engineering group ask you to present your finding of the most recent advanced wireless technologies. Research these technologies in details and pay specific attention to how they are used as well their strengths and weakness. Answers: 1.There are different types of antennas used for several purposes. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of them are given as follows: Yagi Antenna: These types of antennas are used mostly for the purpose of radio and television reception (Cai, Guo Bird, 2012). Strengths: There are several benefits given as follows: They are directional. This makes them able to receive signals of lower strength. They have high gain. The design filters of these antennas are able to filter out all types of noise signals. The construction of these antennas is able to make them move over any type of structure. Weaknesses: These antennas have certain disadvantages as follows: The frequency range or the bandwidth of the antennas is limited to some extent. In order to get a high gain level, the antenna will be required to be very long in length. Their electrical characteristics are responsible for their degradation. Horn Antenna: Horn antennas are used in the process of transmitting and receiving microwave signal (Bilotti et al., 2012). Strengths: The benefits are as follows: The bandwidth is wide. It has simple construction. The interface is very easy. Weaknesses: Unfavorable lower frequency. Major fluctuation issues. Cellular Antenna: Cellular antennas are used in case of cell phones (Huang, 2013). Strengths: The operation range is wide. They provide high security. Interference level is low. The bandwidth is more. Weaknesses: They are expensive. More complex The antenna that will become a dominant player in the future is the new digital antenna. This antenna will play a major role in linking wireless networks. This type of antenna has high bandwidth and leads to faster speed for transferring data. It also has better radiation of frequency that will help in the future. 2. CDMA FDMA Here the spectrum is spread using by using codes that are orthogonal. Here the band of frequencies is segmented into sub bands that are disjoint. There are several terminals and all of them can remain active at the same time (Rom Sidi, 2012). They remain uninterrupted. All the terminals present her has its own frequency that remains uninterrupted. Channel capacity has no limits but there is a limit to interference. The capacity of the cell is limited. It is a flexible system and there is very less need for planning frequency. It is a simple and robust multiple access technique. The power control required by the senders is very complicated and the receivers are very complex. This method is very inflexible as the frequencies are known to be very scarce. Every user deals with the same frequency and the transmission of data takes place in a simultaneous manner. The channel remains idle when they senders are not sending any information. Solution: CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access and FDMA stands for Frequency Division Multiple Access (Glisic Leppnen, 2013). The table below compares and contrasts the both. 3.Most recent advanced technologies are RFID, Bluetooth technology, Wi-Fi and NFC. Their strengths and weaknesses are as follows: RFID: Radio Frequency Identification has certain merits and demerits. Strengths: RFID tags can store more data and information as compared to barcodes. This technology has a versatile nature. Tag has the write option along with read options. Security level is high. Weaknesses: RFID technology is costly. The programming part requires more time. Bluetooth technology: Strengths: It is cost effective. Installation is very easy. It is very convenient for connecting different devices. It can be used freely if the device already has installed the technology (Heydon, 2013). Weaknesses: It can be easily hacked. It is prone to virus attacks if it is installed in cell phones. The range in which it can connect devices is less. Lose connectivity. Wi-Fi: This technology helps to gain access to the internet (Liu et al., 2012). Strengths: It provides high convenience to users to access resources online. Users can access internet anywhere with the presence of public wifi. It can be expanded with ease. It is cost effective. Weaknesses: Security is the main issue in wifi technology. Its coverage range is suitable for a home connection but not for a large area. It has a slower speed as compared to other networks. It has huge interference leading to loss of connectivity. NFC: Near Field Communication plays a major role in the mobile industry. Strengths: Convenience is the main advantage of this technology. It is very versatile and can be applied to various industries. It has high level of encryption that makes it suitable for academic areas (Coskun, Ozdenizci Ok, 2013). It has high security with PIN protection. Weaknesses: It is extremely expensive. It becomes difficult for small organizations to install this system. References Bilotti, F., Di Palma, L., Ramaccia, D., Toscano, A. (2012). Self-filtering low-noise horn antenna for satellite applications.IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,11, 354-357. Cai, Y., Guo, Y. J., Bird, T. S. (2012). A frequency reconfigurable printed Yagi-Uda dipole antenna for cognitive radio applications.IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,60(6), 2905-2912. Coskun, V., Ozdenizci, B., Ok, K. (2013). A survey on near field communication (NFC) technology.Wireless personal communications,71(3), 2259-2294. Glisic, S. G., Leppnen, P. A. (2013).Wireless communications: TDMA versus CDMA. Springer Science Business Media. Heydon, R. (2013).Bluetooth low energy: the developer's handbook. Prentice Hall. Huang, H. (2013). Flexible wireless antenna sensor: A review.IEEE sensors journal,13(10), 3865-3872. Liu, H., Gan, Y., Yang, J., Sidhom, S., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Ye, F. (2012, August). Push the limit of WiFi based localization for smartphones. InProceedings of the 18th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking(pp. 305-316). ACM. Rom, R., Sidi, M. (2012).Multiple access protocols: performance and analysis. Springer Science Business Media.
Monday, May 4, 2020
Internal Control Audit and Compliance System â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.com
Question: Discuss about the Internal Control Audit and Compliance System. Answer: Introduction: Control practices in an organisation are the process which helps to maintain the efficiency and effectiveness in the reporting structure. The controls also help the management keep a check on each and every aspect of the organisation. Having strong internal control system helps eliminate the possibility of mistakes in accounting and also helps to keep a check on the resources of the organisation. The control system helps to identify the problem, solve the problem and make sure the problems do not recur in future. In our discussion below, we will discuss the controls required to be made on cash and cash transactions. (Trenerry, n.d.) As provide in the question, we see that Sarah runs a fruit stall in the local market and deals with cash transactions only. The cash box is accessible to all the staff members so that they can keep the sale proceeds safely. Sarah has now appointed a new staff member who works on weekends. She now thinks that the daily amount banked has decreased. She wants to know the control measures she can apply in her stall in relation to the cash. (Arwinge, 2013) In order to provide a proper control system for cash, Sarah first needs to understand the problems she has been facing. She needs to first analyse the situation and check if there exists a real problem or not. Therefore, we see that the daily amount which used to be reported before appointing new staff has relatively decreased, even when there have been no changes in sales. We can now say that there is a problem, and now we need to move towards next step which is problem solving. (Pfister, 2011) In order to solve the problem we are required to follow the following steps of internal control: Identification of the problem Analysing the problem Checking and formulation of various alternative solutions Evaluating these solutions Choose the best available option Moving towards the first step, identification of the problem, we can say that the problem has been identified. The real problem in the given case is that there are no control measures over cash. The cash is easily accessible to any employee, and there is no person responsible who can be held accountable for the misplacement of the same. (Graham, n.d.)We need to find measures to control these issues. We now need to further analyse the given problem, so that once a solution is found, measures to prevent the same problem to arise in the future can be taken. Cash transactions are hard to have control over and especially when the frequency of these transactions is very high. Cash is the easiest part of the organisation, which can easily be harmed. In order to prevent the mismanagement of the cash, steps are required to be taken so that accountability and responsibility can be tagged to somebody. (Graham, 2008) In order to prevent the mismanagement of cash, Sarah can provide individual cash boxes to each of her employees which can be accessible by only them. No other employee can access the cash box of other staff. Sarah can also conduct a thorough background check of the employees before hiring them. Sarah can also follow the buddy system while transferring cash. Different employees for different shifts can be made responsible. One particular person can be hired to manage the cash only, which shall be responsible to collect and pay the cash. Proper registers for cash sales are also required to be made. In order to double check the sales figures, the changes made in inventory can be compared with cash collected. She needs to conduct surprise checks for cash and check if proper entries for cash are being made or not. These were the list of options that can be adopted by Sarah. She now needs to check which options are feasible for application and can easily be executed. Sarah should go though each option separately, also she has to check the application of these. Of all the options available for Sarah to choose, she can easily implement the option of separate lockers, spate cashier, proper registers and surprise checks. Therefore, we see that there are a lot of solution that can be adopted by Sarah in order to minimise the risk of losing cash in her business. Also, if she thinks that cash flows have decreased after the joining of the new staff, she can keep a check on the staff herself. Diving of responsibility will help her understand the efficiency of employees too on an individual basis. This will also help her improve the operational efficiency and generate more revenues. References Arwinge, O. (2013).Internal control. Berlin: Springer. Graham, L. (2008).Internal controls. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Graham, L. (n.d.).Internal control audit and compliance. Pfister, J. (2011).Managing organizational culture for effective internal control. Berlin: Physica-Verl. Trenerry, A. (n.d.).Principles of internal control. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
Sunday, March 29, 2020
New Medias Positive and Negative Effects
Most aspects of modern life are dominated by the input of new media. Most people use new media on a daily basis and it is common to see individuals relying on gadgets that make new media more accessible such as tablets, smart phones, and personal computers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Mediaââ¬â¢s Positive and Negative Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it does not come a shock to many people that new media has a profound effect on modern life. The attention that is given to new media today has almost become an obsession. Everywhere one looks, he/she is bound to notice an aspect of new media whether it is internet adverts, social media, and broadcast services, among other aspects. New media today is synonymous with household names such as Facebook, twitter, and Google. The infiltration of new media into the society has elicited a debate concerning the effects this tool has on the societ y. There are those who feel that this tool is doing more harm than good to the society. On the other hand, there are those who feel that new media is a revolutionary tool that will improve the modern society. The new media debate has attracted various stakeholders including scholars and experts. Steven Pinker is one of those experts who have weighed in on the new media debate. Pinkerââ¬â¢s argument is that the fear that is brought about by the popularity of new media is just misplaced panic. However, his opponents blame new media for the several things including the deteriorating moral fiber and brainpower. This paper agrees with Pinkerââ¬â¢s arguments about new media in relation to the views of other experts in this field. The popularity of new media has often been referred to as a fad. However, new media is not the only fad in the history of human existence. Throughout history, several ââ¬Ëfadsââ¬â¢ that are similar to new media have arisen. Nevertheless, some of the t ools that have been blamed for degrading the societyââ¬â¢s moral fiber usually have one thing in common, popularity. Whenever a certain trend becomes popular, marketing practices tend to favor some opposition towards this trend. Some of the trends that have experienced similar negative attention include the rock and roll trend of the 1970s, the comic book trend, the hip hop music trend, and the more recent video game trend. At the height of their popularity, most of these trends were disputed by ââ¬Ëexpertsââ¬â¢ on several fields including psychologists. However, over time it has become clear that most of these expert-based warnings were baseless. In his essay ââ¬Å"Mind over Mass Mediaâ⬠Steven Pinker points out that Rock music did not lower the societyââ¬â¢s I.Q and video games did not contribute to an increase in crime (Pinker 34). It can be argued that the society panics whenever a product or a trend becomes too popular. This panic can be interpreted to mean th at people always want to be in control of their lives.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, new media elicits the fear that individuals in the society will lose control over their lives because new media takes over the activities they used to perform for themselves. Most of those who are suspicious about the popularity of new media are only fighting over personal control. In his essay ââ¬Å"Does the Internet make you Dumberâ⬠, Nicholas Carr writes that the internet gives people access to too much information and tends to be confusing and distracting (Carr 22). The demand for information has been there for several centuries now and people have worked hard to meet it. However, just because what seemed impossible is now possible does not necessitate panic. Mankind is currently looking for solutions to other problems and when these problems are solved it is possibl e that they will be opposed by critics. According to those who are skeptical about new media, the domination of new media is its main undoing. The reason for the opponentsââ¬â¢ arguments is that new media has a negative effect on peopleââ¬â¢s attention because it enhances attention disorders due to its short lifespan. The main effect of new media on peopleââ¬â¢s attention is the changing content. For instance, there is a trending topic on Twitter every day. Experts dispute this argument by indicating that there are no recorded side effects to consuming too much information. Those who criticize new media argue against it by claiming that the process of receiving too much information has negative effects on the human brain. This argument also implies that the composition of the brain can be changed by the information that the brain receives. The counter-argument of this opinion is that the neurological composition of the brain cannot be changed. One expert equates this argume nt to the saying that ââ¬Å"you are what you eatâ⬠(Pinker 34). Consuming information does not constitute any major changes to the functions of the brain. The brain can either be improved or enhanced by information but it cannot be changed. For example, it is not possible for anybody to acquire singing skills just by listening or watching other musicians. However, someone who is already a musician can improve his/her trade by watching other musicians. When the brain is required to take in too much information, it often has coping mechanisms that help in the cataloguing of information. Therefore, it is not possible to condense the brain by consuming condensed information. The over reliance of new media has been shown to have various effects on its users. However, there is no common agreement as to the positivity or negativity of these effects. While some argue that the effects of new media are negative others only point to the positive effects of new media. The two leading voic es on effects of new media are Nicholas Carr and Steven Pinker.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Mediaââ¬â¢s Positive and Negative Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Steven Pinker argues that new media only highlights the already existing personal deficiencies. For example, people with attention deficits are more likely to be negatively affected by the existence of various new media platforms. Pinker however disputes the argument that the attention span of everyone who uses new media can be compromised by continued use (Manovich 100). When the negative effects of new media are recorded on a few individuals, they should not be used to demonize new media. Peopleââ¬â¢s ability to organize thoughts and functions cannot be affected by the amounts of information that is available to them. However, it is up to any individual to sort out his/her consumed information. There is still no solid criticism on t he effectiveness of new media. Although new media critics use scientific studies and facts to support their claims, most of these facts have already been successfully challenged by other experts. Eventually, the criticism on new media will decline as the trend becomes more acceptable. Works Cited Carr, Nicholas. ââ¬Å"Does the internet make you dumber.â⬠à Wall Street Journalà 5.10 (2010): 22-23. Print. Manovich, Lev.à The Language of New Media, California, CA: The MIT press, 2001. Print. Pinker, Steven. ââ¬Å"Mind over mass media.â⬠à New York Times 10 jun. 2010: 34. Print. This essay on New Mediaââ¬â¢s Positive and Negative Effects was written and submitted by user Zariyah Ward to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Saturday, March 7, 2020
Negligence Essay Example
Negligence Essay Example Negligence Essay Negligence Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Negligence A negligence lawsuit must satisfy four main elements for it to be successful. They include the defendant owing a duty to the affected, they must have violated this duty, the violation of the duty should have resulted in harm to the affected and this injury must be a foreseen accident by a normal person. These elements make it possible for a negligence lawsuit to take place. Mrs. Smith will prevail in her lawsuit against the manufacturer of the truck that led to the death of her husband, Ford Motor Company. This is because all the elements of negligence have been met in accordance to the facts given concerning this case. This lawsuit will triumph due to the negligence law that serves to protect individuals from injury due to negligence whether intentional or unintentional. This legal concept (negligence) enables the affected party to obtain compensation in the case of the occurrence of any accidents. From the case study provided the first element of the lawsuit was proven. The defendant in this case was Ford Motor Company while the plaintiff was Mrs. Smith. The defendant owed a responsibility to the plaintiff, in this case that of selling a good and road worthy vehicle to them. The defendant should have ensured that the truck was in acceptable condition before authorizing the sale to the plaintiff. This would have ensured that the plaintiff was safe when driving the truck and was not exposing himself to unnecessary risks. It was negligent in the case of the truck manufacturing company since they ignored their duty to the plaintiff. Mrs. Smithââ¬â¢s lawsuit has satisfied this requirement because the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff but did not honor it resulting in the death of Mr. Smith. The second element that requires being satisfied is that the defendant must have dishonored the duty that they had to the plaintiff. In this case, the plaintiffââ¬â¢s duty was violated by the sale of a truck that was not in satisfactory condition. The truck sold to the plaintiffââ¬â¢s company had a defective alternator. Even after the routine checks, the problem was undetected, it was only noticed when the truck suddenly stopped as the driver was delivering some goods to a customer. By the sale of a car with a faulty alternator, the motor company has violated the duty it had to the plaintiff and the lawsuit against them will prevail since this element has been proven without reasonable doubt. Another element required for the negligence lawsuit to be considered is that the violation caused by the defendant resulted in harming the plaintiff, Mr. Smith. Because of the negligence of the company, it authorized the sale of a faulty truck to Greene. This resulted in the truck being stalled in the middle of the highway and the subsequent accident that befell Mr. Smith that results in his death. This is because the alternator is a device that controls the electrical system of the truck including the emergency lights. This flaw made the plaintiff leave the truck and manually signal to the other drivers in order to avoid them hitting the truck. This is when a mini-cooper ran into him as the truck in front of it swerved away from the truck. Therefore, the negligence of Ford Motors resulted in the death of the plaintiff however indirectly it may seem. The last element that will make this lawsuit viable is that the injury of the plaintiff was predictable by a regular person. The faulty alternator is an extremely important device in the every car, and most people know this. This is because it regulates the electrical system of the car. It is general knowledge that the emergency lights are controlled by the electrical system, and if this system is malfunctioning, it puts the life of the driver at risk. The injury of the plaintiff in this case was, therefore foreseeable by any reasonable person. Mrs. Smithââ¬â¢s lawsuit will prevail because it has satisfied all the requirements needed.
Thursday, February 20, 2020
International Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
International Justice System - Essay Example Agencies or other justice systems cooperate with the ICJ by bringing cases that may be above their judicial mandate to handle, especially in cases that require an unbiased view and ruling (Antonopolous, 2011). The communication channels between all these international bodies are crucial because they ensure a common ground for all parties involved. Laws that secure the fundamental liberties and freedoms of all individuals make it possible for warring parties to have an equal forum to be heard and accept fair trials. If these communication channels were to break down, or were non-existent, fighting global crime would be a rather herculean task. Leaders may take it upon themselves to do as they please without the fear of reprisal or reprimand from a higher judicial system other than theirs. International justice systems are necessary to ensure that all other justice systems are up to the task of ensuring that their affairs are in order (Antonopolous, 2011). This makes it possible for every free citizen to enjoy the sovereignty of a
Tuesday, February 4, 2020
Working Conditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Working Conditions - Essay Example According to Andre and Manuel - ' thisà principle holds that the morally right course of action in any situation is the one that produces the greatest balance of benefits over harms for everyone affected' (Andre, 2010).à I absolutely agree in supporting the detailed recommendationsà ofà Human Rights Watchà enlisted below (Compa, 2005). New federal and state laws should reduce line speed in meat and poultry plants and establish new ergonomics standards to reduce repetitive stress injuries. Health and safety authorities should apply stronger enforcement measures. States should develop stronger worker compensation laws and enforcement mechanisms. Employers should not engage in aggressive, intimidating anti-organizing campaigns that take advantage of loopholes and weaknesses in theà U.S.à labor law system. Congress should enact legislation bringingà U.S.à labor law into compliance with international standards (e.g. to prohibit the permanent replacement of striking worke rs) and should also create stronger remedies for violations of workersââ¬â¢ rights. New laws and policies should ensure respect for the human rights of immigrant workers, whatever their legal status. Immigrants should have the same workplace protections as non-immigrants, including coverage under fair labor standards and other labor laws, and the same remedies when their rights are violated à A hog worker fromà North Carolinaà quotes ââ¬Å"The line is so fast there is no time to sharpen the knife. The knife gets dull and you have to cut harder. Thatââ¬â¢s when you cut yourself.â⬠If a worker really loses limb or life, who is there to lend a helping hand to his family to earn daily living. Ethically, the employers should open their eyes and weigh the resulting benefits and harms of policies that areà forced upon the workers in meat and poultry industry. Theà à à increase in volume and speed of productionà à à should be backed with quality training and sufficient safeguards making the work less hazardous.à Employers should choose the course of action that provides greatest benefits to theà workers who make up to 30,000 hard-cutting motions with sharp knives in a shift and often become victim of long-term occupational injuries and frequent lacerations. Investigations done by Human Rights Watch have shown that workers often do notà receive compensation for injuries at workplace because companies do not report injuries. The claims are delayed and denied; reprisals areà inflictedà on workers who file them. Workers are lovedà asà long asà they are healthy and capable of working like a dog. But once they get hurt,à company will find a reason to fire them or putà them in a terrible job or change the shift so that worker quits.à à Therefore, lot of people just work with the pain without reporting their injuries.à To overcome such situations, according to deontology, a right choice conforms to a moral norm. Such n orms are made simply to be obeyed by each moral agent in spite of maximizing such norm-keepings .For deontologists the Right has priority over the Good. If an action is not in accord with the Right, it may not be performed; no matter the Good that it might (Alexander 2008).à In an investigation conducted by Jamie Fellner, director of the U.S. Program at Human Rights Watch, the factà revealed was that often Public agencies try to protect consumers from tainted meat but do very little toà à protect their workers fromà unhealthy and terrible conditions. It is also reported that aggressive and unlawful company try to derail workersââ¬â¢ organizing efforts. Employers threat workers who try to defend themselves
Monday, January 27, 2020
Processes of Polyadenylation
Processes of Polyadenylation DNA once transcribed into mRNA it is transported to the cytoplasm. All mRNAââ¬â¢s including specific unspliced mRNA precursors contain the poly A tail with histon mRNA as an exception. But once they are transported to the cytoplasm there exist a poly (A) tail shift that is brought about by the degradation by RNases and rebuilding by cytoplasmic poly (A) polymerase. Discovery: James Darnell and his coworkers carried out various experiments to study and understand the process of polyadenylation. To begin with, they concentrated on the isolation of the poly (A) tail from the newly synthesized mRNA of the HeLa cell line using two subtypes of the enzyme RNase. The enzymes were; 1. RNase A which function as nucleases that cut after the pyrimidine nucleotides C and G and 2. RNase T1 which cuts after G nucleotides. Both these enzymes together helped in selection of pure runs of Aââ¬â¢s. They then carried out centrifugation to separate the nucleus and cytoplasm to separate them according to their sizes and exposed them to the scintillation counter. The results obtained showed that both peaks of the nucleus and cytoplasm electrophoresed even slower than the 4S-tRNA and 5S-rRNA markers used (size markers). It also confirms the little difference in size that exist between the nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNA poly (A)ââ¬â¢s. Position confirmation: To confirm the 3-prime position of the poly (A) tail they subjected mRNA to an enzyme RNase. On complete digestion it yielded one molecule of adenosine and about 200 molecules of AMP. This result also aided in concluding the size of the poly (A) tail to be about 200 nucleotides long but recent advances and studies have confirmed the size of the poly (A) tail to be about 250nt long. Activity of poly (A) polymerase: Furthermore it had to confirmed that the poly A tail hadnââ¬â¢t come from DNA transcription as the DNA doesnââ¬â¢t contain long runs of Tââ¬â¢s. Therefore being a post transcription modification it stresses on the activity of the poly (A) polymerase that adds AMP residues one at a time to the mRNA synthesized during the transcription process. This can be confirmed with the use of actinomycin D that inhibits DNA-directed transcription but doesnââ¬â¢t inhibit polyadenylation. Role of the poly (A) tail: 1. Protects mRNA from degradation ââ¬â Michel Revel and his colleagues studied the same by injecting globin mRNA with and without poly A tail into Xenopus oocyes and measured the rate of its synthesis at various intervals. They found a little difference at first but after 6 hours only the mRNA without the poly (A) tail couldnââ¬â¢t support translation. The simplest explanation they gave regarding the same was that the mRNA with the poly (A) tail had a longer shelf life therefore its protective in nature. 2. Stimulates translation of the attached mRNA- Poly (A)-binding protein (PAB 1) in eukaryotes boost the efficiency of the mRNA translation. This is confirmed by the invitro experiment that contained a capped and poladenylated mRNA excess poly (A) tails. When comparing with the control that lacked the excess poly (A) tails lower rates of translation was observed. This suggested that the free poly (A) tails competed with the poly (A) tails on the mRNA. Another control confirmed that in the absence of the mRNA the transciption rates were very low as it canââ¬â¢t bind to PAB1 efficiently. David Munroe and Allan Jacobson studied the effect of both capping and polyadenylation on the transcription of two synthetic mRNAââ¬â¢s(rabbit à ² globin gene-RBG and vesicular stomatitis virus N gene ââ¬âVSN.N under the influence of phage SP6 promoter) in rabbits reticulocytes. a) Polysome profi les. Munroe and Jacobson mixedà 32P-labeled poly(A)1 (blue) and 3H-labeled poly(A)2 (red) mRNA with aà rabbit reticulocyte extract, then separated polysomes from monosomes by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The arrowà denotes the monosome peak; fractions to the left of this peak areà polysomes, and one can see the disome, trisome, and even higherà polysome peaks. The poly(A)1 mRNA is clearly better at associatingà mRNA stability and translatability. The Basic Mechanism: Polyadenylation is assumed to occur either at the 3à ¡Ã ¿Ã ½-end of the primary transcript synthesized or at the polyadenylation site upsteam to the last coding site of the transcript. But polyadenylation begins even before the transcripts is synthesized as it involves a pre-transcriptional step of clipping of mRNA and then adding poly(A) tail to the newly exposed 3à ¡Ã ¿Ã ½-end. Thus the RNA polymerase can still be functioning as somewhere upstream the polyadenylation apparatus has already located a signal which can cut the mRNA upstream and polyadenylate it. Nevins and Darnell eliminated the first hypothesis by creating hybrids of radioactive RNA made in cells late in infection to DNA fragments of the major late region. If transcription halted at the first few genes after the first polyadenylation sites then much more transcripts would bind to the 5à ¡Ã ¿Ã ½-end rather than the 3à ¡Ã ¿Ã ½-end of the major late region. But it was seen that the RNA hybridized equally to both the ends confirming that once the transcription of the late gene has begun it runs all the way as there is only one transcription terminator at the end of the gene. Thus this region can be called as a transcription unit due to its ability to be transcribed as a whole though it contains multiple genes. They also went on to confirm the clipping of the mRNA pre translation. Erhard Hofer and James Darnell isolated labeled globin encoding RNA that was induced by dimethyl sulphoxide-DMSO and hybridized it to the à ²-globin gene and regions downstream to the gene. They observed hybridization to fragments within the à ²-globin gene and upto 500 bp downstream to the polyadenylation site. Thus confirming that transcription terminated about 500 bp beyond the polyadenylation site in both cellular and viral transcripts. Hofer and Darnell isolated nuclei from DMSO-stimulated Friendà erythroleukemia cells and incubated them with [32P]UTP to labelà run-on RNAââ¬âmostly globin pre-mRNA. Then they hybridized thisà labeled RNA to DNA fragments Aââ¬âF, whose locations and sizes areà given in the diagram at top. The molarities of RNA hybridization toà each fragment are given beneath each, with their standard deviationsà (s.d.). In the physical map at top, the exons are in red and the intronsà are in yellow. Polyadenylation signals: The polyadenylation signals depends on the kind of cell that is being transcribed. The signaling process of plants and animals also differ. At the DNA level in mammalian cells the 20 bp- ââ¬ËAATAAAââ¬â¢ sequence was discovered as the polyadenylation sequence by various molecular biologist in 1981. And at the RNA level, in mammalian and plants cells the ââ¬ËAAUAAAââ¬â¢ sequence about 20-nt upstream of their poly (A) is considered as the polyadenylation sequence. Another common variant ââ¬ËAUUAAAââ¬â¢ is also 80% efficient as ââ¬ËAAUAAAââ¬â¢. The other variants are less efficient and less common. Molly Fitzgerald and Thomas Shenk studied the importance of the RNA polyadenylation site. They created a recombinant SV40 virus with duplicate polyadenylation sequence 240 bp apart and carried out an S1 assay. They then carried out an S1 assay of the 3à ¡Ã ¿Ã ½-end which showed two signals 240 bp apart confirming the activity of both the sites. They then deleted one of the two polyadenylation sites one at a time and carried out the S1 assay again. The inserted polyadenylation site beyond the pre-mRNA couldnââ¬â¢t function if the site within the pre-mRNA was absent. Several other scientist studied this phenomenon and discovered another sequence present immediately downstream to the polyadenylation recognition site that affects polyadenylation. But the difficulty in further discovery of details regarding the same was difficult as this wasnââ¬â¢t a conserved sequence among invertebrates. This region was usually found to be a GU- or U- rich region 20 bp downstream to the polyadenylation recognition site. Anna Gil and Nicholas Proudfoot studied this hypothesis in detail and observed the following results: Added an extra copy of the whole polyadenylation signal upstream and carried out an S1 assay. This cloned DNA showed 90% efficiency. Deleted the 35-bp fragment containing the GU- and U- rich region. Polyadenylation process was hampered which explains its importance. Reconstructed clones containing either a GU- rich or a U- rich region. These clones showed however only 30% efficiency. Clones GU- and U- rich regions by an excess of 5-bp sequence between them. These clones showed only 30% efficiency confiming the importance of the spacing between them. Based on all these manipulations they concluded that for an efficient polyadenylation signal; (a)A polyadenylation recognition motif ââ¬ËAAUAAAââ¬â¢ followed by (b)A 23-25-bp GU-rich motif downstream immediately followed by (c) A U- rich motif. POLY (A) POLYMERASE: The poly (A) polymerase (PAP) was discovered by James Manley in 1991. He cloned their genome and discovered two different cDNAââ¬â¢s that had variable 3à ¡Ã ¿Ã ½ends due to two alternative splicing methods giving rise to two different PAPââ¬â¢s (PAP-à â⬠, PAP-à à [the most important], four additional PAP). They differ in the amino acids sequences present at their carboxy termini but the PAB-à à consists of consensus sequences that overlap with the known functional sequences of proteins. The genome consists of :1. RNA-binding domain (RBD), 2. Polymerase module (PM), 3. Two nuclear localization signals (NLS-1 and NLS-2), 4. Serine/Threonine-rich regions S/T. Polyadenylation at the amino terminal. The mRNA is polyadenylated before leaving the cytoplasm as well as after entering the cytoplasm. However these two adenylations could be distinguished by Sheiness and Darnell due to their slight difference in size. They confirmed the same by carrying out various assays against the isolated mRNA that was grown in labeled RNA for 48 hours. The nuclear RNA, cytoplasmic RNA, and 5sRNA marker showed peaks as seen in the figure alongside. The major peaks thus obtained are 210à ±20nt and 190à ±20nt for the nuclear and cytoplasmic poly (A) tail respectively. About 50nt RNAââ¬â¢s are present in this broad peak. Maurice Sussman, in 1970 gave the ââ¬Ëticketingââ¬â¢ hypothesis which encompasses the theory of each RNA having a ticket to gain entry to the ribosome and further ticket punching everytime it got translated. Thus after a particular limit, it canââ¬â¢t longer undergo protein synthesis which another reason for the shortening of the poly (A) tail. Thus the 3à ¡Ã ¿Ã ½-end shortening of the poly(A) tail clearly depends on the some other factor other than translation or the ticket like some post-transcriptional modification. It has been observed that the poly(A) tail has not only been shortened in the cytoplasm but it also turns over. This inverted poly(A) tail is susceptible to RNase degradation and elongation by the cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase simultaneously. This continues till the mRNA looses all or almost all of the nuclear poly(A) tail. This happens when its almost time for the demise of the mRNA. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation This process is best studied in Xenopus oocytes. Administration of progesterone to their oocytes cause stimulation of the deadenylation of maternal mRNAââ¬â¢or maternal message. Polyadenylation the actual process: The process involves the recognition of that conserved polyadenylation motif, RNA cleavage and polyadenylation. Pre mRNA cleavage: The proteins responsible for this cleavage are: Shrenk and his colleagues carried out various experiments confirming the importance of these cleavage factors. Cleavage polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF)- Its one of the most important factors. Its subunit CPSF-73is related to ELAC that cleaves pre-tRNAââ¬â¢s to generate their 3à ¡Ã ¿Ã ½-end. They are known as à ²-lactamase superfamily of Zn (as they contain 2 Zn ions at their active site necessary for RNase activity) dependent hydrolases. Cleavage stimulating factor (CSF) ââ¬â Its one of the most important ones. It bindings to the GU- rich region, together and stably. Cleavage factors (CF à â⬠and CF à à )- The poly (A) polymerase- This immediate coupling is so strong that no cleaved unpolyadenylated RNAââ¬â¢s can be found. The RNA polymerase à à (containing the carboxy terminal domain-CTD and its phosphorylation status). Yukata Hirose and James Manley expressed CTD as a fusion protein with glutathionine-s transferase. They then purified the protein by glutathionine affinity chromatography and the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms were exposed to the cleavage assay with adenovirus L3 pre-mRNA. The results obtained confirmed that (a) the activity of CTD is independent of transcription and (b) After incubating the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of the enzyme along with all the other cleavage factors showed that the phosphorylated forms five times batter cleavage. This can be explained as the phosphorylated form of CTD is present in the polymerase à à that carries out transcription. Polyadenylation initiation: Once the pre-mRNA is cleaved using the factors described above its polyadenylation process takes place in two phases. The first initiations phase consists of the slow addition of the first 10 Aââ¬â¢s. This phase depends on the ââ¬ËAAUAAAââ¬â¢ signal. The second phase is independent of the initial ââ¬ËAAUAAAââ¬â¢ signal but it depends on the existing 10 Aââ¬â¢s added to the pre-mRNA. This phase involves rapid addition of about 200 or more Aââ¬â¢s along the length, thus called elongation. The initiation signal that carries out polyadenylation is none other than the cleavage signal which attracts the cleavage enzyme that specifically recognizes the AAUAAA motif and cuts the RNA 20 nucleotide downstream. This thaught was discarded because as the cleavage enzyme prior to polyadenylation has already cut the downstream GU-rich and U-rich sequence. Thus itââ¬â¢s this 8 nucleotide GU/U-rich sequence post the AAUAAA motif that brings about this adenylation. Marvin Wickens and his colleagues used two parameters (a) a poly (A) polymerase and (b) a specificity factor CPSF that binds to the pre mRNA. Both these factors work well when substrates are in high concentration but the assay carried out was using low substrate concentrations. The figure alongside explains their experiments, Lane 1- shows no polyadenylation by poly (A) polymerase by itself in low concentrations of substrates, Lane 2- shows no polyadenylation as the CPSF alone canââ¬â¢t detect the AAUAAA motif, Lane 3- shows polyadenylation with both factors together and Lane 4- shows that both factors canââ¬â¢t polyadenylate a substrate with an aberrant signal like AAUAAA. But however this dependency is temporary i.e. after the addition of the first 10 nucleotides it enters the elongation phase thatââ¬â¢s independent of these two factors. ELONGATION OF POLY (A) TAIL: While studying the fact that the initiation is independent of the CPSF factor, another interesting fact came to be known that a purified poly (A) polymerase could carry out elongation very poorly on its own. Whale further explored this by designing experiments which consisted of purification of the poly (A) polymerase and its polyadenylation capability comparison in various conditions. Purification of the poly (A) polymerase using PAGE gave two fractions ââ¬â a major 49-kD polypeptide (PAB-à â⬠) as well as a minor 70kD polypeptide (PAB-à à ). This latter band however was found to have a variable nature and was even absent in some preparations. Whaleââ¬â¢s experiments further showed high activity of this 49-kD polypeptide coinciding with high activity of the poly (A) polymerase using a nitrocellulose filter binding assay. He also tested this fractionââ¬â¢s capability of polyadenylation in the presence of the CPSF and poly (A) polymerase and found the same results. He therefore named this fraction as poly (A) binding proteinà à (PAB- à à ). Thus he confirmed that PAB-à à acts like CPSF but binds to poly (A) polymerase instead of the AAUAAA motif on the RNA. Its activity is high only in the elongation phase but is found absent in the initiation phase. He carried out another experiment to find the interdependence of these two factors with their interdependence on the polyadenylation process using the poly (A) polymerase. When either CPSF or PAB-à à was added to a solution that contained mRNA and poly (A) polymerase, the polyadenylation process was found to be active. But it showed higher polyadenylation capabilities in presence of both the factors. Thus this whole process can be summarized by the proposed figure below:-
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